How to Plaster a Wall in a Developing World

Plastering is the process of coating a rough surface of ceiling or wall with minimum of 16mm thick layer of paste which is the mixture of cement, sand and water.
The following steps can make up process for plastering:
Materials
Inventory
Survey
Cutting and Filling
Smashing
Spreading
Setting
Ranging
Edging
Scrubbing
Smoothing
Foaming

Materials: Basic materials in plastering activity are 1.cement 2.plaster sand 3.water.
Plaster Sand in developing country like Nigeria is a fine, loose sand with a sticky property which make similar to clay. The cement and sand are mixed usually in the ratio 1:4 i.e. 1 part of cement to 4 part of plaster sand into a sticky paste with water.

Inventory: hand tools such as hand trowel, range, range, scrubbing board, foam, hammer, plum, angle iron, sand filter are some of the tools usually used for this building operation.
Survey: This is the preliminary activities of accessing the surface to be plastered to ascertain the geometric existing state and compare with ideal state. This will help estimate amount and the nature of the plastering work to be done. The process shall as well assist in estimating the cost of the operation.
Cutting and Filling: This is a preliminary stage, where the protruding surface has to be cut and recessed portion of the surface has to be filled, to achieve uniform level in the surface to be plastered. This shall help reduce cost and to achieve aesthetic effect.
Smashing: This is the process of affixing the paste of plaster on the surface of the wall with the aid of hand trowel.
Spreading: This process involves spreading the smashed paste of plaster to uniformly cover the surface of the wall.
Setting: This process involves waiting for the plaster paste for about between 30 to 40 minutes, depending on the gauge of cement used in the mixture, to solidify a bit.
Ranging: This involves the use of wooden or metal range rod to grade the surface being plastered to achieve uniform level. This can be complimented by the use of plum.
Edging: Another technical area to look at in plastering is getting perfect edges of wall, columns and beams. This very important to avoid visual intrusion and poor aesthetics of the structure. The use of simple tools such as range and angle iron can be helpful in this situation. This stage

Scrubbing: This process involves the use of water and wooden scrubbing board to re-soften the surface in preparation for smoothening of the surface.
Smoothing: This is the process of smoothening the plastered surface with the aid of hand trowel. In some cases dry powdered cement may be used on the surface in the process of smoothening. The surface is then left for between 20 to 30 minutes in preparation for foaming.
Foaming: This is the process of applying the smooth scrubbing effect of foam on the plastered surface, after it has been left to set a little bit. This closes up tiny cracks that may have been so formed on the surface and removes the hand trowel marks that also may have been so formed.

War on Termites

Can you believe a termite can eat 24 hours a day, seven
days a week? I've NEVER met anyone THAT dedicated!
And they can GO THROUGH FRONT DOORS in any tiny
crack we can't even see.
This 79 page EBOOK of selected tips is too necessary NOT
to buy now!
DO YOU HEAR THAT MUNCHING AS WE SPEAK?
LOOK AT THE PRICE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Termite
Even the mention of a termite can send terror into the
heart of a homeowner. Many people
know that a termite can cause huge damage to a home
and when you take one termite and add
it to another termite and then another and another and
another, you might find yourself with a
home that is not only unsound but extremely difficult to
sell and live in. Many people know
about the termite, but not many people know specifics
about this pesky insect.
A termite â€" also known as a white ant â€" is a member
of a group of social insects much like
regular ants. They most often feed on dead plant material
including wood, leaf litter, and soil.
The termite can cause huge damage to structures such as
houses, building, crops, and forests.
The termite superficially resembles an ant and is called a
white ant only because of their social
behaviors and similar size.
However, the regular termite is softer, whiter, shorter-
legged, fatter
and generally much slower moving. In actuality, a
termite is much more similar to the common
cockroach. Some experts feel like the termite belongs in
its own classification of insects instead
of being clumped together with ants in the Hymemoptra
class or a super order which contains
all of them called the Dictyoptera class.
The common termite has a biting mouthpart and their
soft bodies are rarely longer than one
centimeter in length. As a colony, they typically inhabit
dark nests and tunnels, only venturing
out when the winged alates emerge to leave their parent
colony, when constructing shelter or, in
the case of grass- and leaf-litter-feeders, when harvesting
their food. The alate is basically a
baby termite growing into a full blown termite and
getting ready to venture out into the world to
find their own food source to decimate!
As with ants, the termite resides in a colony along with
other termites. That is why they are
referred to as social insects. Termite colonies can
number anywhere from hundreds to even
millions of inhabitants. They work together to survive
and use self-organized swarm intelligence
to obtain food sources and sustain the colony.
Just as with ants, there is a certain hierarchy
within the colony. It is usually “ruled†by a queen
and there are workers, soldiers, nymphs, and
reproductive termites responsible for re-populating the
colony.
While a termite is a dreaded insect for most people, they
are easily recognized and easily
controlled when you know that you have a problem. If
you take the time to know about the
common termite, see the signs that you may have a
termite problem, and then take steps to
alleviate the problem, you will have much luck in
repairing the damage that these invading
insects can do.
What Are Termites
In the basic definition, termites are small, burrowing
insects that eat wood â€" especially damp
wood â€" and resemble small white ants.
But there’s so much more than that!
In actuality,
termites are social creatures â€" just like we are â€" that
live with a specific social order to take care
of the colony that they live in.
That’s right â€" there are actually levels of termite
hierarchy, just like in human life. Because they
are social insects, this type of setup works best for them
because they don’t possess the same
skills that we humans do in order to get things done.
But, get things done, they certainly do!
There are basically five levels of termites: the worker, the
soldier, the reproductive, the king,
and the queen. Each distinctive level has its own duties
when it comes to the colony. Termites
have long been referred to as “little white antsâ€,
and there are a few â€" very few â€" similarities
between the two species.
Ants also live in colonies with each level performing
specific functions within the community.
They all work together to make sure that they all live in
relative peace having food and
protection. Not so unlike humans, right? But termites as
well as ants can be damaging to our
structures which is why we don’t want them around.
That’s why we need to better understand how the
colonies work. When we understand this part
of their living environment, we can better combat them.
We are, of course, talking about
termites â€" which is what this book is about.
Keywords: Bed Bugs Infestation War Creatures Children
Invade Creepy Crawley Fear Scream Nasty Wood
Foundation
Customer Care
http://www.tripleclicks.com/13728815/detail.php?
item=36164

WAR ON TERMITES

Can you believe a termite can eat 24 hours a day, seven
days a week? I've NEVER met anyone THAT dedicated!
And they can GO THROUGH FRONT DOORS in any tiny
crack we can't even see.
This 79 page EBOOK of selected tips is too necessary NOT
to buy now!
DO YOU HEAR THAT MUNCHING AS WE SPEAK?
LOOK AT THE PRICE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Termite
Even the mention of a termite can send terror into the
heart of a homeowner. Many people
know that a termite can cause huge damage to a home
and when you take one termite and add
it to another termite and then another and another and
another, you might find yourself with a
home that is not only unsound but extremely difficult to
sell and live in. Many people know
about the termite, but not many people know specifics
about this pesky insect.
A termite â€" also known as a white ant â€" is a member
of a group of social insects much like
regular ants. They most often feed on dead plant material
including wood, leaf litter, and soil.
The termite can cause huge damage to structures such as
houses, building, crops, and forests.
The termite superficially resembles an ant and is called a
white ant only because of their social
behaviors and similar size.
However, the regular termite is softer, whiter, shorter-
legged, fatter
and generally much slower moving. In actuality, a
termite is much more similar to the common
cockroach. Some experts feel like the termite belongs in
its own classification of insects instead
of being clumped together with ants in the Hymemoptra
class or a super order which contains
all of them called the Dictyoptera class.
The common termite has a biting mouthpart and their
soft bodies are rarely longer than one
centimeter in length. As a colony, they typically inhabit
dark nests and tunnels, only venturing
out when the winged alates emerge to leave their parent
colony, when constructing shelter or, in
the case of grass- and leaf-litter-feeders, when harvesting
their food. The alate is basically a
baby termite growing into a full blown termite and
getting ready to venture out into the world to
find their own food source to decimate!
As with ants, the termite resides in a colony along with
other termites. That is why they are
referred to as social insects. Termite colonies can
number anywhere from hundreds to even
millions of inhabitants. They work together to survive
and use self-organized swarm intelligence
to obtain food sources and sustain the colony.
Just as with ants, there is a certain hierarchy
within the colony. It is usually “ruled†by a queen
and there are workers, soldiers, nymphs, and
reproductive termites responsible for re-populating the
colony.
While a termite is a dreaded insect for most people, they
are easily recognized and easily
controlled when you know that you have a problem. If
you take the time to know about the
common termite, see the signs that you may have a
termite problem, and then take steps to
alleviate the problem, you will have much luck in
repairing the damage that these invading
insects can do.
What Are Termites
In the basic definition, termites are small, burrowing
insects that eat wood â€" especially damp
wood â€" and resemble small white ants.
But there’s so much more than that!
In actuality,
termites are social creatures â€" just like we are â€" that
live with a specific social order to take care
of the colony that they live in.
That’s right â€" there are actually levels of termite
hierarchy, just like in human life. Because they
are social insects, this type of setup works best for them
because they don’t possess the same
skills that we humans do in order to get things done.
But, get things done, they certainly do!
There are basically five levels of termites: the worker, the
soldier, the reproductive, the king,
and the queen. Each distinctive level has its own duties
when it comes to the colony. Termites
have long been referred to as “little white antsâ€,
and there are a few â€" very few â€" similarities
between the two species.
Ants also live in colonies with each level performing
specific functions within the community.
They all work together to make sure that they all live in
relative peace having food and
protection. Not so unlike humans, right? But termites as
well as ants can be damaging to our
structures which is why we don’t want them around.
That’s why we need to better understand how the
colonies work. When we understand this part
of their living environment, we can better combat them.
We are, of course, talking about
termites â€" which is what this book is about.
Keywords: Bed Bugs Infestation War Creatures Children
Invade Creepy Crawley Fear Scream Nasty Wood
Foundation
Customer Care

http://www.tripleclicks.com/13728815/detail.php?
item=36164

Termites and your Building

Termites are social insects so called because of their highly organised lifestyle. They start their lifestyle under the ground and continue to build their ant hill or mound using the soil obtained from below the earth surface. Termites ant hill/mound can be as high as 3m the hight of a bungalow building. The impact of their activity on the building is the when their mound/ant hill is very close to the building. This implies that the soil used in constructing the ant hill is withdrawn from the underlying subsoil supporting the foundation. This effect can eventually lead to collapse of the foundation structure under the effect of differential settlement. This can have subsiquent effect of wall cracking and strctural instability and aesthetic distortion of building.
Solution
If the building is to be left for a long period before the completion, it is advisable that the anthill development be diallowed.
It should be dimolished if already in construction and pesticide such as soligum be applied to kill the termites

Termites and Your Building

Termites are social insects so called because of their highly organised lifestyle. They start their lifestyle under the ground and continue to build their ant hill/mound using the soil obtained from below the earth surface. Termites' ant hill/mound can be as high as 3m the height of a bungalow building. The impact of their activity on the building is when their ant hill is very close to the building. This implies that the soil used in constructing the ant hill is withdrawn from the underlying subsoil supporting the foundation. This effect can eventually lead to collapse of the foundation structure under the effect of differential settlement. This can have subsequent effect of wall cracking and structural instability and aesthetic distortion of building.
Solution
If the building is to be left for a long period before the completion, it is advisable that the anthill or mound development be disallowed.
It should be demolished if already in construction and pesticide such as soligum be applied to kill the termites

Making Unpaved/Earth Road Motorable

Neighbourhood access road that constitute largest percentage of our transportation network are mostly unpaved with bitumen and concrete hard surfacing materials. This is largely responsible for instability and poor state of these road.
It can be said that the end in itself is accessibility via motorable and passable road while the means is road surfacing with stable materials.
My take on this is that it is practicable to achieve the objective of accessibility without necessarily having to spend huge money on road surfacing. Yes this can be done with adequate understanding and manipulation of surface construction of our unpaved road. A special treatment of landscape construction of unpaved road can offer us efficient motorable unpaved road.
For example take a good look at the picture in this post shows two unpaved road in the same neighbourhood. It can be observed that one is stable and passable while the other is rugged and rough.
The question is why do we have this situation.
The answer is the solution to the problem of poor state of unpaved road. Watch out for more tips on the solutions.

Termites and Your Building

Termites are social insects so called because of their highly organised lifestyle. They start their lifestyle under the ground and continue to build their ant hill using the soil obtained from below the earth surface. Termites ant hill can be as high as 3m the hieght of a bungalow building. The impact of their activity on the building is the when their ant hill is very close to the building. This implies that the soil used in constructing the ant hill is withdrawn from the underlying subsoil supporting the foundation. This effect can eventually lead to collapse of the foundation structure under the effect of differential settlement. This can have subsequent effect of wall cracking and structural instability and aesthetic distortion of building.
Solution
If the building is to be left for a long period before the completion, it is advisable that the anthill or mound development be disallowed.
It should be dimolished if already in construction and pesticide such as soligum be applied to kill the termites

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Call: 08023826146

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION/MAINTENANCE COST ESTIMATE MADE EASY

Hi Friends,

You really want to start that home building project.

STOP!!!, until you have read this.
You care to know why?

You shall loose /waste your hard earned money
You may not be able to complete it as scheduled
You may not get the deserved quality despite the huge expenses spent.

From many years of experience as professional in the building industry, I have come to know that the major headache for would be home, building owners who want to build is the issue of COST.
How much will it cost me? Is the first natural question on the mind of would be home owner.
Imperfection is the nature of property market. Most available conventional estimate are nothing but a mere over estimate!. That's the fact, trust me. Not because concerned building professionals are wicked but because of too many uncontrollable factors active in the construction cost dynamics. On the other hand the non-conventional estimates too, most times are underestimate that would lure you into adventure of abandoned project. This scenario seems putting you between "frying pan and fire"
So what is the way out? Yes, the way out is information. Yes, that is what most practitioners would not want you to have. Even when you have it, they are coded and difficult for you to decode and understand.

But what if you are informed and got furnished with enough information that will put you in the right position to evaluate, estimate, or better still carry out the estimate yourself.

Yes this where this guide comes in, it has been a product of research on the ways to shorten learning curve and simplify teaching of non-professionals, the art and science of estimating building project. This is what is presented in this report with enough pictorial guides.



In this book you will understand everything that matters in the building industry. and its organisation.

Every development process from conception, documentation, and implementation to operations is covered summarized and simplified.

The overall building construction process is simplified and emphasis is placed on how coded information in building documents like survey plan, site plan, landscape plan, working drawings, structural/engineering drawing, can be decoded for the purpose of cost estimate.

A good insight into basic building operation is looked into.

Organisation structure into building industry is explained with attention paid to the role of various stake holders.

Practical tips on how to control and reduce cost of building construction are presented.

A glossary of occasionally used technical terms were also presented in the guide

Then, most importantly how different operation such as excavation, backfilling, concrete work, block work etc is estimated are explained with plain expression.

The guide is targeted at simplifying the technical concept so that non-technical people can easily comprehend technical issues. However, it also comes in handy for student, private property developers and professionals all alike.






This is introducing from me to you this amazing e-book
"Building Cost Estimate Made Easy" For professional colleagues this is your best guide in the practice. For you my non-professional friend this is your best guide for life. No more rip off from those heartless building workers.

To everyone, do you wanna know how Ekiti State House cost
N3 billion. Whaoo!!! Then, you need this guide.


The e-book has been formatted in easily readable pdf format. Just click on the item to read from the table of content and you will be automatically redirected to the exact page you want to read.

Ideal to read on I pad, I phone, smart phone, smart phone, tablets, laptop and PCs.
PLACE ORDER NOW!!!

with minimum of N 1000 payable to:

Oyebade, Adewale Oluwasola

GT Bank A/C No: 0009840673

After the payment forward your name, e-mail and payment details to
08023826146.
Then your easily downloadable complimentary copy shall be forward to your email.
Thereafter and soon you shall have bonus of building plan design templates that can aid either you or your client and friend quickly develop idea for proposed development FREE.
NB
I shall greatly welcome your observation, contribution, comments and feedback after you would have gone through the book's contents.

Thanks for your support.


Oyebade, Adewale Oluwasola