Bus Stop Alert at Cadbury, Agidingbi, Lagos.

Bus Stop At Cadbury Agidingbi Road.
Conflicts between Commuters and commercial bus operators along agidingbi road Ikeja, Lagos is a common occurrence . This is only due to the absence of bus stop at this stop. A point to note in location science is that in a neighborhood such as Agidingbi, average of 400 meters interval for bus stop location is globally acceptable. However,  the two bus stop along this axis toward Ikeja downtown closest to Cardbury spot are 1st gate
and testing ground are located at least 800 meters apart.
At Calvary bus spot there are enough fence set back space along this axis to construct layby for bus stop construction. Also, at the other side of this axis a bus stop is lying fulfilling the rule of 400 meters interval.
We therefore advocate for location of bus stop at this spot on this axis.
This shall alleviate sufferings of special members of the society such as physically challenged, aged, school children and pregnant women.

Hackers Pounce on Window 10

Microsoft on Tuesday warned that a Windows vulnerability exposed by rival Google was being exploited by a hacking group suspected of cyber attacks on US political institutions.
Hackers that Microsoft researchers call "Strontium" launched a low-volume spear-phishing campaign aimed at a specific set of people, Windows and Devices Group executive vice president Terry Myerson said in a blog post.
Spear phishing involves tricking people with personally crafted email messages that get them to click on links or files booby-trapped with malicious code that infects machines, letting hackers steal information or take control.
The vulnerability exposed this week let hackers slip into computers through web browsing software, eventually installing "back doors" through which they could enter as they please.
Strontium, given an array of names by cyber security researchers, has been described as a sophisticated hacking operation with ties to Russia.
The group has also been suspected of involvement in hacks of political parties in the US presidential race.
In a threat report, Microsoft described Strontium as having the markings of being backed by a nation state, but did not conclude which one.
However, the US technology titan did take aim at Google, saying that a "responsible" member of the industry would have put users first and waited for a patch to be ready before making the vulnerability public.
"Google's decision to disclose these vulnerabilities before patches are broadly available and tested is disappointing, and puts customers at increased risk," Myerson said.
Google countered that it gave Microsoft seven days to fix the flaw, as per its policy regarding critical flaws, before making it public on Monday.
"This vulnerability is particularly serious because we know it is being actively exploited," Neel Mehta and Billy Leonard of the Google threat analysis group said in an online post.
Google said it told Microsoft and Adobe about the vulnerabilities on October 21, and an update to Flash addressing the weakness was released five days later.
Microsoft said people using the Edge browser on fully updated Windows 10 operating systems should be protected from the attack.
"We have coordinated with Google and Adobe to investigate this malicious campaign and to create a patch for down-level versions of Windows," Myerson said.
Adobe Patches for Windows are being tested and Microsoft planned to released them on November 8.
A Microsoft threat report described Strontium as a group that usually targets government agencies, diplomatic institutions and military organizations, as well as affiliated private sector organizations such as defense contractors and public policy research institutes.

-The Guardian

Observation on Ongoing Road Redevelopment at Berger end of Lagos-Ibadan expressway.

Our attention has been drawn to the ongoing project as captioned above.  We envisage future drainage conflict which may shorten the life span of the project.
This shall largely be caused by differential size of the drainage channel between old and new drainage channels in the system.
This shall result to terminal conflict problem resulting to flood at 2 different points along gulf course club and towards Omole phase 2 and Olowora Community.
The increase storm water capacity of the new drainage channel shall generate storm water that the old channel and disposing canal cannot adequately handled thus generating delay which may result to massive flooding.
We use this medium to appeal to relevant authorities to look into this advocacy.

Oyan Dam Flooding it's basin in Ogun and Lagos States

Recently, in a telephone interview with Ogun State Commissioner for environment on the above subject matter, the honourable commissioner opined that nothing can be done to help residents affected by the flood since they have been warned ahead of time.
However,  we formed an opinion that, since prevention is always better than cure, it may be very irresponsible of government to put up excuse in a matter that is entirely within the jurisdiction of the state.
A lot of landuse abuse have been going on along this river basin for many years without any reaction by relevant state agencies.
Development control along these river basin has been in non existence.
We don't know yet of any public domain where information on development guide,  zonning regulations or master plan,  can be publicly obtained.
Stream Setback has been continually violated for years without state intervention in these affected areas.
We strongly believe that if the state had been up and doing in its responsibility, the impact of flooding would have been minimal.

Environmental Misuse

Our camera captured,  grazing is being been done on ornamental grass planted on road divider along Ladipo area of Agege Motor Way.

The landscape elements on this road divider have been left unattended to lately. We call on concerned Authority to please see to this.
Yours in Ideal environment.

Waste and Environment

This open dump is lying at denro area of Akute Ogun State sharing boundary with Ikeja capital city of Lagos State South West Nigeria.
It located very close to lower course river Oyan and it's dam.
The question on our mind is whether the authorities are really concerned about it's environmental implications. A lot of local recycling is on going there which can be formalized.
Fresh water pollution at this area is obvious.

@Iyana Ipaja Overhead Bridge

This is to notify the general public that pedestrian foot bridge is available along Iyana Ipaja overhead bridge crossing. This overhead vehicular bridge is adapted to also function as pedestrian crossing.
Stop risking your legs by crossing under as seen in the pics. Your discretion is advised.

Carriageway narrowing along Lagos-Ibadan Expressway.

The on going construction along Lagos-Ibadan Expressway has drawn our attention. The project is believed to being handled by competent hand of construction giant Messes Julius Berger.
However the slow pace of the work had been a major concern to travelling public who are vested with right of way constitutionally.
We wonder if appropriate consideration was given to Environmental Impact Assessment.
due to the harrowing experience of traffic congestion on this road on daily basis.
We believe something seems to be wrong with project management aspect of this public work and hereby call on appropriate authority to urgently look into this situation

Conductor Tree

This tree at Ikeja along Bus Stop on Agege Motor Ways may soon become electrical conductor and a potential danger to pedestrian overhead bridge user

Educational Facilities: What is our Children's Future.

The building in the picture is the only structure standing at St.John Primary school at Oluwo Area of Egbeda Local Government area Ibadan Oyo State.
The concern on our professional mind is that does this school meet the local standard set by Oyo state Ministry of Education?
Your guess is as good as ours.
The question now is how certain is the future of education in our country.

Neighborhood Watch: Unprotected IKEDC Transformer at Akute

Our attention is drawn to this transformer facilities off Zion street at Ishasi area of Akute Ogun State.
The facility is exposed an can be accessible by children. We believe adult irresponsibility is children's vulnerability.
We call IKEDC and NERC authorities to look into this impending neighborhood danger.

Neighborhood Watch: Structurally defective Tree.

A tree with burn out root structure is becoming unstable to our professionally trained eye along Agree motor ways, close to Double Bus Stop Oshodi Area. We kindly make a request on relevant authorities to bring down in the interest of Public Safety.

Ideal Residential Neighborhood

The concept of ideal estate environment for living, recreation and socializing is the dream and aspiration of every modern man. 
This dream however, involves participation of public and private interest coordinated by highly skilled man power. 
One of way of achieving this dream is what the Planners described as Site and Service Scheme. The concept is about an effort to make sure that facilities precedes physical development onsite. 
The site in picture is one of such of owned by Federal Ministry of Housing at Moniya Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria. 
Several of such sites exist across the country
. Some state government too are involved in provision of such sites especially in Lagos.
Private sector participation at this scale is only visible at Lagos and Ogun State in Surburb area of Lagos State. Area such as Ota, Arepo, Ofada etc.
Three down side of this development is that these trend is not been coordinated in comprehensive manner. This the issue of standard idea for development of physical environment is not been addressed. 
At point it must be pointed out that only comprehensive approach to development issue can deliver IDEAL environment to humanity.

Ideal Neighborhood Estate

On Jun 29, 2016 6:56 AM, wrote:

The concept of ideal estate environment for living, recreation and socializing is the dream and aspiration of every modern man.
This dream however, involves participation of public and private interest coordinated by highly skilled man power.
One of way of achieving this dream is what the Planners described as Site and Service Scheme. The concept is about an effort to make sure that facilities precedes physical development onsite.
The site in picture is one of such of owned by Federal Ministry of Housing at Moniya Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria.
Several of such sites exist across the country
. Some state government too are involved in provision of such sites especially in Lagos.
Private sector participation at this scale is only visible at Lagos and Ogun State in Surburb area of Lagos State. Area such as Ota, Arepo, Ofada etc.
Three down side of this development is that these trend is not been coordinated in comprehensive manner. This the issue of standard idea for development of physical environment is not been addressed.
At point it must be pointed out that only comprehensive approach to development issue can deliver IDEAL environment to humanity.

Ideal Neighborhood Estate

The concept of ideal estate environment for living, recreation and socializing is the dream and aspiration of every modern man.
This dream however, involves participation of public and private interest coordinated by highly skilled man power.
One of way of achieving this dream is what the Planners described as Site and Service Scheme. The concept is about an effort to make sure that facilities precedes physical development onsite.
The site in picture is one of such of owned by Federal Ministry of Housing at Moniya Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria.
Several of such sites exist across the country
. Some state government too are involved in provision of such sites especially in Lagos.
Private sector participation at this scale is only visible at Lagos and Ogun State in Surburb area of Lagos State. Area such as Ota, Arepo, Ofada etc.
Three down side of this development is that these trend is not been coordinated in comprehensive manner. This the issue of standard idea for development of physical environment is not been addressed.
At point it must be pointed out that only comprehensive approach to development issue can deliver IDEAL environment to humanity.

Ideal Neighborhood Estate

The concept of ideal estate environment for living, recreation and socializing is the dream and aspiration of every modern man.
This dream however, involves participation of public and private interest coordinated by highly skilled man power.
One of way of achieving this dream is what the Planners described as Site and Service Scheme. The concept is about an effort to make sure that facilities precedes physical development onsite.
The site in picture is one of such of owned by Federal Ministry of Housing at Moniya Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria.
Several of such sites exist across the country
. Some state government too are involved in provision of such sites especially in Lagos.
Private sector participation at this scale is only visible at Lagos and Ogun State in Surburb area of Lagos State. Area such as Ota, Arepo, Ofada etc.
Three down side of this development is that these trend is not been coordinated in comprehensive manner. This the issue of standard idea for development of physical environment is not been addressed.
At point it must be pointed out that only comprehensive approach to development issue can deliver IDEAL environment to humanity.

Ideal Neighborhood Estate

The concept of ideal estate environment for living, recreation and socializing is the dream and aspiration of every modern man.
This dream however, involves participation of public and private interest coordinated by highly skilled man power.
One of way of achieving this dream is what the Planners described as Site and Service Scheme. The concept is about an effort to make sure that facilities precedes physical development onsite.
The site in picture is one of such of owned by Federal Ministry of Housing at Moniya Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria.
Several of such sites exist across the country
. Some state government too are involved in provision of such sites especially in Lagos.
Private sector participation at this scale is only visible at Lagos and Ogun State in Surburb area of Lagos State. Area such as Ota, Arepo, Ofada etc.
Three down side of this development is that these trend is not been coordinated in comprehensive manner. This the issue of standard idea for development of physical environment is not been addressed.
At point it must be pointed out that only comprehensive approach to development issue can deliver IDEAL environment to humanity.

Urbanisation and Congestion in Lagos. Curse or Blessing in Disguise?

Where there is crowd there is money. This saying is true for Lagos in every sense, and as such has made it a destination of opportunities. From the technical point of view high population is not the same thing as high population density. Agglomeration of many people on a small stretch of land results to congestion. This situation in Lagos creates huge market both formal and informal.
From time immemorial in the history of Nigeria,  Lagos plays the role of commercial nerve centre. This  also true for West African Subregion.
In the field of regional planning, a lot of attention has been paid to phenomenon of rural urban migration. This development may be seen as blessing to only few but a curse to many. Menace such as traffic congestion, housing crisis, over congested facilities, urban crimes among many are usual features. While the authority in Lagos State who derive revenue base from this situation may consider this as welcome development. Internationally these features are seen as indicators of ailling economy.

Climbing To Safety in Lagos

Urbanization no doubt comes with challenges such as traffic congestion, control and conflicts. There is always competing demand for use of land among different interest groups, namely vehicular and pedestrian road users.
One strategy of resolving conflicts between pedestrian and vehicular road user is the 🚧 construction of overhead pedestrian bridge.
This noticeably has gained attention of past three state administration of Lagos State. This incidence of major highways in Lagos, such as Ikeja Along and Proud Berger are designed either as artery or ring road which allows high speed within the metropolis created safety challenges to life and property. The idea of pedestrian bridge therefore should be seen as life saving strategy.
However, in terms of evaluation it comes with its own constraints as follows:
1.the towering hieght, high angle of elevation, large number of risers on the stairs are obstacles to children, the old and the sick.
2.Unwillingness of road users to use the bridge is raising the cost of management because Authorities always have to position officials to effect 🐶

Compliance
Other options which in line with international best practices is the use of pedestrian under pass. This is construction  of passage for pedestrian below and across the highway.
This option being deployed mostly in developed world can help solve the challenges of the overhead options as stated above.
So, generally speaking they both remain good means of resolving right of way conflicts in urban system.

Ogun River Drying-Up: Causes and Implications

Residents around Kara Lagos-Ibadan Express Way and users of the highway were recently shocked to witness instant seemingly drying up of a section of the course of the river.
Geographically speaking now, the phenomenon can be explained as caused by major land slide and erosional and depositional activities along either upper, middle and lower course of the river.
The materials such as sand, debris and vegetation were sourced from landslide of river bank and island.They are later transported in suspension down the river course by strong current.
If the country had positioned a survailance satellite in orbit for this purpose it would have provided the opportunity of having access to video data of how this trend occurred.
The materials in suspension moved majorly submissively until they were obstructed by the concrete cap on the pile foundation of bridge of the expressway. Thus leading deposits of the materials of sand silts and vegetation mostly water hyacinths.
These vegetation are noticeable in upper course of the river around Denro-Isashi area of Plum State.
This situation implies an indication for caution on residents along the course of the river. This may in the nearest future generates massive flood in event of heavy rain storm. Citizens are advised to stay off the site, while authorities are advised to warn residents along the river corridor to vacate such location especially this rainy season.

Simple Solution To Untarred and Dirt Road Problems In Tropical Regions

Untarred and Dirt Road Development

Road development right from conception, planning and implementation is a major community problem in our societies. The unorganized process of development in our towns and cities especially in developing world is a major factor to put into consideration. The problem can be identified and be grouped into different subdivision as follows:
Inadequacy of road; some neighbourhood, towns and cities are not provided by enough relevant road development facilities;
Poor planning. In other instances, the roads are poorly planned. Bad road alignment, inadequate spaces at critical points, and more than necessary spaces in other less critical points
Poor Implementation. Some roads provided are not well constructed with appropriate ancillary infrastructures, while others are not well constructed. Some others are left as untarred and unpaved road without proper landscape and ground modeling treatment.

The aftermath of this are
reduced accessibility
and consequential reduced profitability.
Health Hazards.
Delay in man hour loss.
Road congestion.
Flood.
Loss of Aesthetics.
Inconvenience.
High cost of maintenance on the part of motorist.

In fact the list is endless. The article looks into the problem and narrow it down to our local access neighbourhood roads. This roads are by legislation under the jurisdiction of local governments in many developing countries like Nigeria. This article want to address this category of road in the light of the cost of implementing development of this road, considering the budget limit of the local government who are in charge of such roads. The intention is to look at the alternative implementation strategy in developing our access road.
The objectives therefore are to:

To evaluate present state of access road development in the country
Identify problems associated with such development strategy
Access alternative option of development using landscape and ground modeling techniques
Provide details of such alternatives
Access the advantages of the alternative suggested

Road System

Road can be broadly categorized into
Arterial Street and Highways. These are the one used primarily for heavy traffic,
Collector Streets are those that collects traffic from highways and feeds the minor roads.
Minor or   access road are the ones used to access the abutting individual properties
Marginal access or service street are the one which are parallel to and  adjacent to arterial and highways, they protect by separating traffic from the highways and access road
Alleys are minor road set aside to provide services such as emergency and conveniences for the properties. In Nigeria, any of this road can either be surfaced with bitumen of various thickness, interlocking paving stone, more recently 4.2  grade of Portland cement concrete and lastly earth road- the one without any form of hard surfacing
While there are many technical options available in road construction and development, the vehicle-accessibility and functionality of these roads is without respect to any form or level of development of such road.
The focus of this paper is on the earth road- i.e without any form of surfacing. It is no doubt the cheapest option of road development. Authorities may be hiding under the fact that road development is very expensive, which may in turn be the reason for abandoning our roads leaving them in a deplorable and sorry state.

In the light of the above, this article however brings the following fact into focus as follows:
An untarred and dirt road can be near as stable as their surfaced counterpart
An untarred and dirt road can be at least permit vehicle accessibility and meet the functional objective requirement of a road
A functional untarred and dirt road system can provide a way of improving accessibility in our towns and cities at an affordable cost, that can even be spearheaded by the community development organization (CDAs)
A well-constructed untarred and dirt road can serve as an effective intermediate phased implementation for standard road development. This is all because when the authorities decides later to pave f hard surfaced these road no major preliminary tasks shall be needed again.
New neighborhood development can become flexible in terms of cost of road development. This can promote private sector estate developers interest in housing provision.
Consequently provision of housing can be boosted.

It Starts from Subdivision Regulation and Practice.
( A Case Study of Nigeria)

In physical development planning, it is not only enough to estimate the need for land (Land Use). This is because space for activities is geospatially referenced and as such must be rationally positioned to achieve rational objectives. The practice through which details of the contents of built environment are laid out to enhance these objectives is called sub-division. It is spelt out in a document known as lay out plan and it is guided by the policy known as subdivision regulation. In Nigeria, the 1946 town and country Law  midwifed by the British and adopted for Nigeria are  properly  supplemented by other provisions such as Land  Development  (roads) laws Cap 54 1933. Other provision is the Building Lines regulation, 1936.
All these laws under the colonial administration provides effective and coordinated framework for neighbourhood development in general and road development in particular. However, since the independence of 1960 and eventual development of political structure into federalism, the sense of coordination in land development has become fragmented among various states policy and various judicial interpretations.
In 1978, Land Use Decree was promulgated by the then military government specifying new policy on land tenure and ownership. Part of its provision discouraged the formerly well laid down policy of subdivision regulation. Thus laid foundation for haphazard neighbourhood development.
In 1992, at the National level a decree was promulgated by the then military government known as 1992 Urban and Regional Planning Decree. Few states, such as Lagos were quick to adopt the laws, while others until now have adopted it. 
In 1978, Land Use Decree was promulgated by the then military government specifying new policy on land tenure and ownership. Part of its provision discouraged the formerly well laid down policy of subdivision regulation by the colonial masters as embodied into 1946 Town and country planning Act. This since then laid a foundation for uncoordinated land development in the country. Focus shifted to building development only by the three tiers of the government.
Hence effort should be made to restructure the administrative frame work for land subdivision regulation which should be focused as the starting point of development.

Technical Options: Ground Modelling (Shaping)

Ground Modelling is the art and science of shaping and arranging the surface level of land in such a manner to reduce friction between it and agents of denudation especially, run off water, thereby stabilizing the surface. It further involves coordinating the drainage system of a given site with overall natural hydrological cycle subsystem.

Then technological options such as Ground modeling i.e grading the road in such a way to achieve ideal gradient such as between 0.5% to 8% (1.8 degrees to 2.8 degrees) must be adhered to.

3. The ground modeling concepts of the road also should ensure that there is rational effort to direct run offs either towards drainage channels or on the surface of the road depending on the nature of the road in a coordinated manner.  A road should be an integrated system of ground modeling directing the agents of denudation such as rain in such a way as to create minimum friction.
Road grading should avoid creating v-shaped, u-shaped and flat road surfacing without giving a sense of direction to   the run offs of rain.

4. Side drainage channels should be constructed in such a way that they relate with the road level to receive run off water and channel it towards the natural drainage channel.

5. The construction of such channel should adopt a cheap option such as V-shaped channel. The channel does not need steel reinforcement because it is subject to side trust form shear pressure from the adjoining earth crust.

            
Picture 3. An earth road in an outskirt of town that is being graded haphazardly

Effort should be made to make provision for underground channel at every point where U-Shaped and V-shaped valleys cannot be avoided. Cheap precast round channel are commercially available for this purpose.

                             
               Empirical Case

The above picture depicts a road on a steep slope with a gradient threshold of 2.8 degrees. The side drainage constructed lies above the road level, thus creating a scenario of a U shape along cross section axis.

This contradict the principle of ground modelling as presented in this report. Hence the  reason for instability of the surface of the road.   Terrace Technique

A simple old technique of terracing if combined with the above surface modeling (shaping) can be employed to achieve great result.

The inclusion of concrete barrier is to form gentle slope that reduces the steepness of slope and reduce the velocity of run off and consequently the wearing off of top soil.

Model for ideal earth road development

Identify the drainage prospect in the neighborhood. Such may be gorge, stream, river, lake, public main sewer etc. This shall help a lot in drainage design.
Regard the altitude of this drainage prospect as the lowest point of your drainage design
The road being a linear open space should be viewed and handled along two dimensions of the longitudinal axis and the cross-sectional axis.

The gradient along the longitudinal axis should be between 1.8o and 2.8o.
The gradient of the slope along cross section axis should be towards the side drainage channel.
Where the gradient along longitudinal axis of the road is unavoidably greater than1.8o and 2.8o, then the gradient along the cross section should then be made greater than longitudinal axis slope gradient.
Also the option of terracing should be adopted on a very steep slopes.

Conclusion

With the above approach if properly implemented, it shall be amazing to discover that many of our minor road and the unpaved major road shall become sustainable and remain vehicle accessible throughout the year. This shall make it easier and affordable for relevant agencies or individual to maintain this road as well.
It is highly recommended that authorities and private organization involved in road provision should first target earth road construction as an intermediated phase in road construction. This shall enable then increase their capacity in road provision while expending less on capital outlay.
This same technique reviewed in this publication should be applied to bad portions of even damaged road.

     

How To Lay Blocks/Bricks

Objectives
Blocks are laid to create wall. Wall in turn   are used to achieve the followings:
Load bearing
Partitioning of space
Create privacy
Define boundary
Create retention-as in retaining wall
Create visual obstruction
Modern block and bricks bare formed into tongue and groove shape at their  ends to  achieve firm grips. So as they are arranged linearly side by side, they are tongue and grooved into one another.
The special  arrangement of block and bricks to form wall is called inter bonding. This is the linear staggered  interlocking arrangement to provide lateral stability and resistance to side thrust
Blocks are usually hollow core with spaces and opening in them, while bricks are usually solid core, with no spaces in them.
Steps to lay Block and bricks
Basic Tools:
Hand trowel
Rubbing Board
Line
Plum and level
Range
Basic Materials.
Block/Brick
Cement
Coarse sand
Water
NB
Mix cement, sand, and water to form mortal ratio 1:8 of cement and sand.
Establish the whole length of the wall you are about to create
Place the mortal on starting point and at the ending point.
Position a block or brick at the starting and another block or brick at the end point with groove end facing the tongue of flat end.
Depending on the span or interval use either line of ranging pole to connect the two start and end block to ascertain their alignment
Employ the use of plum to check vertical alignment and horizontal level. You can adjust level with mortal or broken blocks.
Spread the mortal along the alignment part of the start and end block.
Lay the blocks or brick along the path with tongue and facing the groove/flat end.
Observe at least 40mm mortal joint gap in between each block.
Use the line and plum to check the alignment and levelto check the level.
Then fill the gap in between block with cement mortal, using hand trowel and scrubbing board.
Dress up the hand trowel
Repeat the process for next layer, but stagger the arrangement by ensuring the start block and end block do not fall exactly on the lower one to achieve bonding effect.
Do not lay beyond four layer consecutively in a single operation. This is necessary so that the dead weight of the of the block will not be too much for the wet mortal to bear, thereby causing instability.

Home Energy Saving in Tropical Regions

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Sent from my Nokia phone

Home Energy Cost Saving in Tropical Regions

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Sent from my Nokia phone

Home Energy Saving in Tropical Regions

Cooling, heating and electronic appliances all need considerable energy to run. It is estimated that homes today need 37 percent more energy to be powered than homes in the eighties, little thanks to explosion in smarter home appliances.

Tropical Regions are the energy hub of the earth. This assertion can be appreciated going by the established facts on scientifically proven evidences. According to Budyko 1980. Solar energy is the only source of energy for nearly all natural processes occurring in the biosphere. It can be safely concluded since all energy is sourced from the sun and the tropical regions has great natural supply of this energy, it is therefore an important energy hub of the world. This can be well established going by the distribution of other naturally free energy sources in the world such as Fossil fuel, wind, bio mass, coal and running water.

However, it is a misnomer to observe that tropical regions economy of the  
world do not adequately exploit this area of comparative advantage to accelerate their development process. In tropical regions home energy need accounts for a considerable amount of national energy need. Ignorance and lack of technical know-how are responsible for how many home dwellers spend hard earned income on artificial means of meeting their home energy need.
With ample supply of free natural energy, home dwellers can save tons of money taking advantage of these natural sources of energy for home use. Appropriate technical know-how makes meeting home energy need, a fun while saving a lot of disposable income and resources.
What kicks in at this junction is the need to perpetually look for a way to intelligently consume energy. This new way of life shall promoted development in sustainable way-i.e not harmful to the environment.
A striking feature in all these is that these ways comprise of strategies which range from mere common sense to simple appropriate technologies which are not necessarily rocket science in nature.



This book critically dug into home design, building, maintenance and operational, to bring into limelight these grey areas. Contemporary home technologies, some of them as old as 100 years were examined. Ways of operations and maintenance to enhance cost saving of energy are suggested. New technologies are reviewed and presented while the future energy saving technologies are previewed and introduced.  
Contemporary home based technologies such as thermostat, solar energy, wind turbine, air-conditioning and refrigeration, cooking gas, pumping machine among many others are duly evaluated.

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Now-That-You-Are-Christ-ebook/dp/B01DKOBZ2Y/280-4158157-0792445?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0